MATLAB EXPERIMENTS - POWER SERIES AND Z-TRANSFORMS













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ZEOLITES: LIMITATIONS, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

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  ZEOLITES: Zeolites are naturally occuring hydrated sodium alumino silicate minerals. LIMITATIONS of Zeolite Process: If the supplied water is turbid, the suspended matter must be removed first by coagulation, filtration, etc. Otherwise, the turbidity will clog the pores of zeolite bed making it inactive. If the water contains coloured ions (Mn2+, Fe2+), these ions should be removed first because these ions produce manganese and iron zeolite, which cannot be regenerated. If any mineral acid present in the water, it will destroy the zeolite bed, therefore it is neutralised first with soda (Na2CO3). ADVANTAGES of Zeolite Process: Water quality of below 5 ppm hardness is obtained. This equipment is compact and occupies small space. It requires less time for softening.  It requires less skill for maintenance and operation. No sludge is formed during this process. Its operation is also easy. DISADVANTAGES of Zeolite Process: This process cannot be used for turbid and acidic water ...
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BATTERIES AND ITS TYPES

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A battery is an arrangement of several electrochemical cells connected in series that can be used as a source of direct electric current. A cell is one that contains only one anode and cathode, but a battery contains several anodes and cathodes.   TYPES OF BATTERIES: (a) Primary Battery or Primary Cells In the case of a primary battery, the electrode and the electrode reactions cannot be reversed by passing an external electrical energy. The reactions occur only once and after use, they become dead. Therefore, they are not rechargeable. Example: Dry cell, Mercury cell (b) Secondary Battery or Secondary Cells In case of a Secondary battery, the electrode reactions can be reversed by passing an external electrical energy. Therefore, they can be recharged by passing an electrical current and used again again. These are called storage cells or accumulators. Example: Lead-acid storage cell, nickel-cadmium cell
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ZEOLITE OR PERMUTIT PROCESS

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  Zeolites are naturally occuring hydrated sodium alumino silicate minerals.  Na2O. Al2O3. xSiO2. yH2O where x = 2 to 10 and   y = 2 to 6. Natural zeolites are nonporous. The synthetic form of zeolite is known as permutit. Synthetic zeolite is represented by Na2Ze. Synthetic zeolites are porous and have a jelly structure. They are prepared by heating together china clay, feldspar and soda ash. These zeolites have higher exchange capacity per unit weight than natural zeolites. In this synthetic zeolite process, the hard water is allowed to percolate through sodium zeolite. The sodium ions which are loosely held in Na2Ze are replaced by Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions present in the water. Process: In   this process , the hard water is passed through a bed of sodium zeolite (Na2Ze). The hardness-causing ions (Ca2+, Mg2+) in hard water is replaced by loosely held sodium ions in zeolite bed. The outgoing soft water contains only sodium ions. Na2Ze + Ca(HCO3)2  --> CaZe +...
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