MATLAB EXPERIMENTS - POWER SERIES AND Z-TRANSFORMS













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ZEOLITE OR PERMUTIT PROCESS

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  Zeolites are naturally occuring hydrated sodium alumino silicate minerals.  Na2O. Al2O3. xSiO2. yH2O where x = 2 to 10 and   y = 2 to 6. Natural zeolites are nonporous. The synthetic form of zeolite is known as permutit. Synthetic zeolite is represented by Na2Ze. Synthetic zeolites are porous and have a jelly structure. They are prepared by heating together china clay, feldspar and soda ash. These zeolites have higher exchange capacity per unit weight than natural zeolites. In this synthetic zeolite process, the hard water is allowed to percolate through sodium zeolite. The sodium ions which are loosely held in Na2Ze are replaced by Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions present in the water. Process: In   this process , the hard water is passed through a bed of sodium zeolite (Na2Ze). The hardness-causing ions (Ca2+, Mg2+) in hard water is replaced by loosely held sodium ions in zeolite bed. The outgoing soft water contains only sodium ions. Na2Ze + Ca(HCO3)2  --> CaZe + 2NaHCO3 Na2Ze + Mg(HCO3)2  -
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BATTERIES AND ITS TYPES

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A battery is an arrangement of several electrochemical cells connected in series that can be used as a source of direct electric current. A cell is one that contains only one anode and cathode, but a battery contains several anodes and cathodes.   TYPES OF BATTERIES: (a) Primary Battery or Primary Cells In the case of a primary battery, the electrode and the electrode reactions cannot be reversed by passing an external electrical energy. The reactions occur only once and after use, they become dead. Therefore, they are not rechargeable. Example: Dry cell, Mercury cell (b) Secondary Battery or Secondary Cells In case of a Secondary battery, the electrode reactions can be reversed by passing an external electrical energy. Therefore, they can be recharged by passing an electrical current and used again again. These are called storage cells or accumulators. Example: Lead-acid storage cell, nickel-cadmium cell
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REVERSE OSOMOSIS: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

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  ADVANTAGES of Reverse Osmosis: This method has greater advantages of removing ionic, non-ionic, colloidal and high-molecular weight organic matter. The lifetime of the membrane is quite high (2 years). The membrane can be replaced within a few minutes. It provides nearly uninterrupted water supply. Due to low capital cost, low operating cost and high reliability, this method is superior than other methods. DISADVANTAGES of Reverse Osmosis: Reverse Osmosis plays a major role in providing portable water defined by the WHO criterion of < 500 ppm of total dissolved solids (TDS). Extremely high-quality water required for nuclear power plants can be made from sea water by the reverse-osmosis process. Sugar concentration, waste-water recovery and beverage uses are a few of the current popular applications of the reverse-osmosis process.
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